Renting in Hong Kong: Apartments, Leases, and Tenant Rights

Stepping into the Hong Kong rental market can feel like being thrown into the deep end of a chaotic swimming pool, especially for newcomers. The dizzying pace, tiny spaces, and often eye-watering prices can leave even seasoned expats feeling overwhelmed and frankly, a bit frustrated. This guide is here to throw you a lifeline, cutting through the noise to help you understand the ins and outs of renting an apartment in this incredible city, from deciphering those perplexing leases to confidently asserting your tenant rights.

The Hong Kong Rental Market: A Reality Check for Expats

Let's be brutally honest: Hong Kong's rental market is unique, to put it mildly. It's a high-demand, high-density environment where every square foot comes at a premium. What you might consider a spacious apartment back home could be a shoe box here, and the prices can make your jaw drop. But don't despair! With a clear understanding of what you're up against and the right approach, you can find a place to call home.

Understanding Space vs. Price in a Dense City

One of the biggest culture shocks for expats in Hong Kong is the size of apartments relative to their cost. You'll quickly learn that "spacious" is a relative term here, often translating to something far smaller than you might be accustomed to. This is simply a byproduct of Hong Kong's geography and its dense population. You're paying for location, convenience, and access to world-class amenities and public transport, not necessarily sprawling living areas.

Consider a typical two-bedroom apartment in a popular expat area like Mid-Levels. It might be a fraction of the size of a similar unit in London or New York, yet command a comparable or even higher rent. This is where compromise becomes essential. Do you prioritize a shorter commute to Central or more living space further out in the New Territories? Are you willing to trade a private balcony for an extra bathroom? These are the mental calculations every renter here has to make. Embrace the efficiency of design – many Hong Kong flats are masters of clever storage solutions and compact living. It's a mindset shift, but once you adjust, you'll find there's a certain charm to the compact, functional living.

Key Neighborhoods and What They Offer

Hong Kong is a city of distinct neighborhoods, each with its own character, amenities, and price point. Your choice of area will profoundly impact your daily life, from your commute to your social scene and even your grocery shopping habits. On Hong Kong Island, areas like Central, Mid-Levels, and Wan Chai offer unparalleled convenience, bustling nightlife, and proximity to major business districts, but they come with the highest price tags and often the smallest apartments.

Further south on Hong Kong Island, you have the more relaxed, family-friendly vibe of the Southside, encompassing areas like Repulse Bay, Stanley, and Deep Water Bay. Here, you'll find larger apartments, often with sea views and a quieter pace, though commutes to the city center are longer. If you're looking for more space and a slightly lower cost, exploring Kowloon hotspots like Kowloon Tong or Ho Man Tin can be a good option, offering excellent schools and amenities with good MTR links. For those truly seeking more expansive living, often with gardens or village houses, the New Territories (like Sai Kung and Clearwater Bay) or islands like Discovery Bay (DB) and Lantau Island present attractive alternatives, albeit with longer travel times. Each neighborhood offers a unique trade-off, and it's worth diving deeper into specific areas to see what aligns with your lifestyle. For a truly deep dive, our guide on Where to Live in HK: Neighborhood Guide for Expat Families can help you explore your options.

The Role of Estate Agents – Friend or Foe?

In Hong Kong, an estate agent is almost always a necessity, not a luxury. The rental market moves incredibly fast, and good listings can be snapped up within hours. Agents have access to the latest listings, often before they hit public portals, and can help you navigate the jargon, negotiate with landlords, and prepare the necessary paperwork. Think of them as your local guides through a sometimes bewildering landscape.

However, not all agents are created equal, and it's essential to understand how they operate. Most commonly, you'll encounter two types: the landlord's agent and your own tenant's agent. It's perfectly normal to work with several agents from different companies, especially if you're exploring various neighborhoods. When you find a property, it's customary for the tenant to pay an agent's commission, typically equivalent to half a month's rent. While this might seem steep, a good agent can save you time, stress, and even money through effective negotiation. Be clear about your budget and requirements from the outset, and don't be afraid to ask questions. Ensure they are licensed by the Estate Agents Authority (EAA). Understanding the nuances of these fees is crucial, and you can learn more in our article about Estate Agency Fees and Commissions: What Tenants Actually Pay.

Navigating the Apartment Hunt: From Online Listings to Viewings

Once you have a handle on the market and your preferred areas, the actual hunt begins. This stage can be exhilarating but also incredibly fast-paced. Hong Kong landlords and agents expect quick decisions, so being prepared is key.

Online Platforms and Their Quirks

While estate agents are primary gatekeepers, online platforms are still valuable tools for getting a feel for the market, understanding price points, and even spotting potential gems. Popular local sites include Squarefoot.com.hk and 28hse.com, though many expats also find success on international platforms like AsiaXpat, which often have listings specifically targeted at the expat community. Facebook groups, such as "Hong Kong Expats" or specific neighborhood groups, can also yield private listings or recommendations.

The quirk with online listings in Hong Kong is that photos can be notoriously misleading. Wide-angle lenses make tiny rooms appear grand, and cleverly cropped images can hide significant flaws. Always take online photos with a grain of salt. Think of them as a preliminary filter rather than a definitive representation. If a listing genuinely piques your interest, schedule a viewing immediately. Don't wait, as that perfect flat might be gone before you've even finished your cup of coffee.

Making the Most of Viewings in a Fast-Paced Market

When you view a flat, try to bring a critical eye and move quickly. The market here doesn't tolerate dithering. Here are some pointers:

• Be Prepared with a Checklist: Don't just look at the pretty furniture. Check water pressure in the shower, look for signs of mold, test the air conditioning (essential in Hong Kong's humid climate!), and inspect for wear and tear.
• Ask About Building Age and Management: Older buildings might have character but could also have higher maintenance issues or less efficient management. Ask about the building's management company and whether utilities are included in the management fee (they usually aren't).
• Consider the Small Details: How loud is the street noise? Is there enough natural light? Where is the nearest MTR station, and how long does it really take to walk there? Are there sufficient power outlets?
• Don't Be Afraid to Look Beyond the "Staging": Imagine the flat empty, or with your own furniture. Can you envision yourself living there comfortably?
• If You Like It, Be Ready to Act: Good flats disappear quickly. If you're serious, your agent will advise you to submit a "Letter of Intent" (LOI) with a small "good faith" deposit (usually one month's rent). This isn't legally binding for the full lease yet, but it signals your seriousness and takes the property off the market while negotiations proceed.

Short-Term Serviced Apartments: A Temporary Solution

For many new arrivals, jumping straight into a long-term lease can feel like a huge commitment. This is where short-term serviced apartments can be an absolute lifesaver. These fully furnished units come with utilities, internet, and often cleaning services included, offering a hassle-free landing pad for your first few weeks or months. They give you the crucial time you need to explore neighborhoods at your own pace, get comfortable with public transport, and calmly search for your ideal long-term home without the pressure of a ticking clock.

While generally more expensive per month than a long-term rental, the convenience and flexibility they offer are invaluable for a smooth transition. Companies like Blueground and Habyt specialize in these kinds of flexible, furnished living arrangements, making them excellent resources if you need a temporary base. It’s also a great way to avoid rushing into a long-term commitment that you might later regret. You can explore this option further in our guide on Short-Term Serviced Apartments for Your First Month in HK.

Deciphering the Tenancy Agreement: Your Legal Lifeline

The tenancy agreement (TA) is the cornerstone of your rental experience in Hong Kong. It's a legally binding document, and understanding every clause is paramount. Don't sign anything you don't fully comprehend, even if an agent assures you "it's standard." If in doubt, seek legal advice, or at the very least, have a trusted friend who is familiar with Hong Kong leases review it.

Key Clauses You Must Understand

Hong Kong tenancy agreements, while often standardized, can contain critical clauses that significantly impact your rights and obligations.

• Term of Tenancy: Most residential leases in Hong Kong are for two years. This is a crucial point. While some might offer a one-year fixed term, a two-year lease is the norm.
• Fixed Term vs. Break Clause: The first year is typically a fixed term, meaning neither party can terminate the agreement without penalty (unless there's a specific, agreed-upon "break clause"). The second year is usually "fixed or optional," giving both landlord and tenant the option to break the lease with sufficient notice (typically 1-3 months).
• Rent & Payment Schedule: This seems obvious, but confirm the exact amount, currency (HKD!), and due dates. Most leases require rent to be paid on the 1st of each month.
• Security Deposit: Understand the amount (usually two months' rent), the conditions for its return, and what deductions can be made. More on this later.
• Maintenance & Repairs: The lease should clearly stipulate who is responsible for what. Generally, landlords handle structural repairs, while tenants are responsible for minor repairs and general wear and tear.
• Subletting: Almost all leases prohibit subletting without the landlord's explicit written consent. Don't risk it.
• Permitted Use: The agreement will state that the property is for residential use only. Using it for business without explicit agreement is a breach of contract.
• Pets: If you have pets, ensure there's a specific "pet-friendly" clause or written permission, otherwise you could be in breach. Our article Can I Keep a Pet in My HK Apartment? "Pet-Friendly" Clauses delves into this.

Failing to understand these points can lead to serious headaches down the line. A thorough reading of the entire document is non-negotiable. For a more comprehensive breakdown, refer to our detailed guide on Understanding the HK Tenancy Agreement: Fixed vs Flexible Terms.

The All-Important Break Clause and Its Nuances

The break clause is arguably one of the most important aspects of a two-year tenancy agreement in Hong Kong, especially for expats whose plans might change unexpectedly. While the first year of a two-year lease is typically a fixed term, a good break clause allows either the tenant or the landlord to terminate the agreement after the initial fixed term (usually after 12 months, or sometimes 14 months) by giving a specific period of notice, typically two or three months.

Without a break clause, if you need to leave before the end of the fixed term, you could be on the hook for the remaining rent for the entire lease period, or at least until a new tenant is found (and sometimes even then, you might be liable for agent fees to re-let). Always try to negotiate a break clause into your agreement if it's not already present. It provides crucial flexibility and peace of mind. Ensure the wording is unambiguous: "either party may terminate this agreement by giving three months' written notice to the other party, such notice not to be effective before the expiry of the first twelve months of the term." This clarity is vital to avoid disputes later.

Stamp Duty: What it is and Who Pays

Stamp Duty, in the context of a tenancy agreement, is a government tax levied on certain legal documents in Hong Kong. It’s not just a formality; stamping a tenancy agreement makes it a legally enforceable document in Hong Kong courts. This is crucial for your protection as a tenant. Without a stamped agreement, you would have difficulty pursuing any legal claims against your landlord, such as for the return of your security deposit.

By law, both the landlord and tenant are equally liable for paying the stamp duty. However, in practice, it's often negotiated who actually pays the full amount, or how it's split. Sometimes the tenant pays, sometimes the landlord, or it's a 50/50 split. The amount of stamp duty depends on the annual rent and the term of the lease. For residential leases, it’s a relatively small amount compared to the total rent, typically 0.25% or 0.5% of the annual rent. Your estate agent should handle the stamping process for you, but it's your responsibility to ensure it gets done. Don't just trust it will happen; ask for proof. For detailed calculations and more information, see our guide on Calculating Stamp Duty for Tenancy Agreements in HK.

Financial Commitments: Deposits, Rent, and Hidden Costs

Beyond the monthly rent, securing a rental property in Hong Kong involves significant upfront financial commitments. It's not just a matter of the first month's rent. You'll need to budget for security deposits, agency fees, and possibly other charges.

Security Deposits and Advance Rent: The Initial Outlay

When you secure a flat in Hong Kong, you'll typically be asked to pay a security deposit equivalent to two months' rent. This deposit is held by the landlord (or their agent) throughout your tenancy and is meant to cover any damages to the property beyond normal wear and tear, unpaid rent, or breach of lease terms. It is not meant to be used as your last month's rent.

In addition to the security deposit, you will also be required to pay one month's rent in advance. So, before you even move in, you're looking at an outlay equivalent to three months' rent, plus agency fees. This upfront cost can be substantial, so make sure you have these funds readily available. Always get a receipt for your deposit and advance rent payments, and ensure these amounts are clearly stipulated in your tenancy agreement.

Agency Fees and Commissions: A Necessary Evil

As mentioned earlier, engaging an estate agent is almost unavoidable in Hong Kong. And these services come at a cost, usually borne by the tenant. The standard agency fee for a successful rental transaction is half a month's rent. This fee is typically payable to the agent after the tenancy agreement has been signed and the initial deposit and advance rent have been paid.

While it's an additional expense, a good agent earns their commission by streamlining the process, negotiating on your behalf, and ensuring all paperwork is in order. Remember, this fee is separate from the security deposit and advance rent. It's crucial to clarify all fee structures with your agent upfront so there are no surprises. Again, our article Estate Agency Fees and Commissions: What Tenants Actually Pay provides a full breakdown.

Utility Bills and Management Fees: Budgeting Beyond Rent

Your monthly housing budget in Hong Kong extends beyond just the rent. You'll have several recurring costs to factor in:

• Management Fees: Almost all residential buildings in Hong Kong have a monthly management fee, which covers the cost of building maintenance, security, cleaning of common areas, and often includes things like garbage collection. This fee can vary significantly based on the age of the building, its facilities (gym, pool, clubhouse), and its location. In some older buildings, management fees might be very low, while in newer, luxury developments, they can be substantial, sometimes even a quarter of the rent. Always ask your agent for the exact management fee before signing.
• Utilities: You will be responsible for your own electricity (from HK Electric or CLP Power), water (Water Supplies Department), and often gas (Towngas or bottled LPG). These are usually not included in the rent or management fee.
• Broadband and TV: Internet and cable/satellite TV services are additional costs, with various providers like PCCW, HKBN, and others offering competitive packages.

Here's a quick summary of typical upfront costs:

Item	Typical Amount	When Paid
Security Deposit	2 months' rent	Upon signing Letter of Intent / Tenancy Agreement
Advance Rent	1 month's rent	Upon signing Letter of Intent / Tenancy Agreement
Estate Agent Commission	0.5 months' rent	Upon signing Tenancy Agreement
Total Initial Outlay	3.5 months' rent (approx.)	Before Move-In
Management Fee	Varies (e.g., HK$1,000 – $5,000+)	Monthly (after move-in)
Utilities	Variable (Electricity, Water, Gas)	Monthly (after move-in)
Broadband/TV	Variable	Monthly (after move-in)

This table illustrates why it's so important to save up a significant amount before moving into a new rental in Hong Kong.

Tenant Rights and Responsibilities: Protecting Yourself

Understanding your rights and responsibilities as a tenant in Hong Kong is crucial for a smooth tenancy. While landlords generally hold more sway, the law does provide protection for tenants.

Repairs and Maintenance: Who's Responsible for What?

This is a common point of contention between landlords and tenants. Generally, the rule of thumb is:

• Landlord's Responsibility: Structural repairs (e.g., leaky roof, major plumbing issues outside your unit, faulty electrical wiring in the walls), major appliance breakdowns if they were provided by the landlord (e.g., built-in fridge, air conditioner unit itself).
• Tenant's Responsibility: Minor repairs due to wear and tear or tenant-caused damage (e.g., replacing lightbulbs, clearing a clogged drain, fixing a small crack in a window if you caused it), cleaning and general upkeep of the interior, and ensuring appliances (even landlord-provided ones) are used correctly. If you damage an appliance, you’re likely on the hook.

The tenancy agreement should clearly delineate these responsibilities. If you discover a significant issue that is the landlord's responsibility, notify them (or their agent) in writing immediately, ideally with photos or videos. Keep records of all communication. If the landlord fails to act within a reasonable timeframe, you may have grounds to pursue the matter, but typically you cannot withhold rent.

Recovering Your Security Deposit: Common Pitfalls

The security deposit is often the source of post-tenancy disputes. To maximize your chances of getting your full deposit back:

• Document Everything on Move-In: This is critical! Take extensive photos and videos of the entire apartment before you move in, noting any existing damage, scratches, or wear and tear. Share these with your landlord/agent and ensure they acknowledge them. This provides irrefutable proof of the apartment's condition when you took possession.
• Maintain the Property: Keep the apartment clean and in good condition throughout your tenancy. Address minor issues promptly.
• Professional Cleaning on Move-Out: Many landlords expect the apartment to be professionally cleaned when you leave. Factor this cost into your moving budget. Some leases even specify this.
• Document on Move-Out: Again, take detailed photos and videos of the apartment's condition after you've cleaned and moved out, especially of areas where the landlord might claim damage.
• Normal Wear and Tear: The law distinguishes between "damage" and "normal wear and tear." Faded paint from sunlight, minor scuffs on walls, or slightly worn flooring from years of use are typically considered wear and tear and should not be deducted from your deposit. However, a large hole in the wall, a broken window, or significant stains are likely considered damage.

If the landlord tries to make unreasonable deductions, refer back to your move-in documentation and communicate clearly. If disputes persist, you can approach the Lands Tribunal or Small Claims Tribunal, but this can be a lengthy process. Our guide Recovering Your Security Deposit: Wear and Tear vs Damage provides further insights.

Dealing with Disputes: Where to Seek Help

Despite your best efforts, sometimes disputes arise. Here's where you can turn:

• Estate Agents: A good estate agent can often mediate between you and the landlord. However, remember their primary loyalty might be to the landlord (especially if they are the landlord's agent).
• Lands Tribunal: For disputes related to tenancy agreements, including those concerning security deposits, the Lands Tribunal is the appropriate body. Be prepared with all your documentation.
• Small Claims Tribunal: If the claim amount is under HK$75,000, you can initiate proceedings at the Small Claims Tribunal, which is designed to be less formal and doesn't require legal representation.
• Legal Aid Department: If you meet certain financial criteria, the Legal Aid Department can provide assistance for legal representation.
• Community Legal Information Centre (CLIC): Run by the University of Hong Kong, CLIC offers free legal information and sometimes referrals.

It's always best to try and resolve issues amicably first, but knowing your options for recourse is empowering. Eviction rules are also strict in HK, and landlords cannot simply kick you out; there's a legal process involved which our post on Eviction Rules in HK: What Happens if You Break the Lease? can shed more light on.

Moving In and Living Life: Practicalities and Adjustments

Congratulations, you've signed your lease and picked up the keys! Now comes the fun part: making your new Hong Kong apartment feel like home. There are a few practicalities to sort out, and some adjustments to make for life in this vibrant city.

Setting Up Utilities: The Essentials

One of your first tasks will be setting up your essential utilities. In Hong Kong, this process is generally straightforward:

• Electricity: Depending on your location, you'll either connect with HK Electric (Hong Kong Island and Lamma Island) or CLP Power (Kowloon and New Territories). You'll typically need to fill out an application form, provide your HKID (or passport) and tenancy agreement, and pay a security deposit. This can often be done online or via their customer service hotlines.
• Water: Water services are provided by the Water Supplies Department (WSD). Similar to electricity, you'll need to apply for an account in your name, provide documentation, and likely pay a deposit.
• Gas: For apartments with gas stoves or water heaters, you'll usually connect with Towngas. They'll require similar documentation and a deposit. Some older buildings might use bottled LPG, which you'd arrange with a local supplier.
• Broadband: Essential for modern life! Hong Kong has several major providers like PCCW, HKBN, and SmarTone. Shop around for packages that suit your needs. Installation typically needs to be booked in advance.

It's a good idea to arrange for these connections to be made a few days before you officially move in, if possible, to avoid any uncomfortable periods without power or water. Our detailed guide on Setting Up Utilities: Electricity, Water, Gas, and Broadband in HK will walk you through each step.

Furnishing Your New Home: New vs. Second-Hand

Once the utilities are sorted, it's time to furnish your pad. Hong Kong offers a spectrum of options, from high-end bespoke furniture to budget-friendly finds.

• New Furniture: Major retailers like IKEA are popular for affordable, practical furniture that fits Hong Kong's compact living spaces. You'll also find local furniture stores in areas like Prince Edward or Ap Lei Chau, offering a mix of styles and price points. Department stores like Wing On or Sincere also have home goods sections.
• Second-Hand Bargains: For a more sustainable and cost-effective approach, the second-hand market is thriving. Online platforms like Carousell are excellent for finding used furniture, appliances, and home decor. Expat groups on Facebook are also great resources, especially when people are leaving the city and need to offload items quickly. Websites like AsiaXpat also have classified sections. You can often find high-quality items at a fraction of the original price, perfect for saving money or finding unique pieces. Check out our post on Buying Second-Hand Furniture on Carousell and AsiaXpat for more tips.
• Serviced Apartment Outfitting: If you chose a serviced apartment initially, chances are it's fully furnished. For example, opting for a provider like Blueground or Habyt from the start means less stress about furnishing a temporary or even longer-term stay.

Remember, Hong Kong apartments can be small, so measure your space carefully before buying any large items!

Living with Hong Kong's Unique Climate: Humidity and Mold

Hong Kong's sub-tropical climate is famous for its high humidity, especially during the long summer months. While invigorating, this humidity can be a nightmare for your apartment and your belongings if not managed correctly. Mold is a very real and common problem here.

• Dehumidifiers are your best friend: Invest in a good quality dehumidifier (or several, for larger flats). Run them regularly, especially in bathrooms, wardrobes, and any rooms that don't get much sunlight.
• Air Circulation: Keep windows open when the weather is dry, and use fans to circulate air. If it's humid outside, keep windows closed and rely on air conditioning or dehumidifiers.
• Clean Regularly: Wipe down surfaces, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, with anti-mold cleaners.
• Storage: Keep clothes and valuables in sealed containers if possible, or use moisture-absorbing sachets in wardrobes.
• Air Conditioner Maintenance: Ensure your air conditioning units are regularly cleaned and serviced. They not only cool but also dehumidify. If your landlord is responsible for major AC maintenance, make sure they arrange it.

Ignoring humidity can lead to ruined clothes, damaged furniture, and health issues. Proactively managing it will make your living experience much more pleasant. We've got an entire article dedicated to Dealing with Humidity and Mold in Your Apartment because it's that important here.

When it's Time to Move On: Ending Your Lease Gracefully

All good things (and sometimes not-so-good things) come to an end, and eventually, you'll likely need to move out of your rental property. Ending your lease gracefully involves understanding your obligations and planning ahead to ensure a smooth transition and the full return of your security deposit.

Giving Proper Notice and Handover Procedures

When your lease term is coming to an end, or if you're activating your break clause, it's critical to give the correct amount of notice, as stipulated in your tenancy agreement. This is typically two or three months' written notice. Do not rely on verbal agreements; always put it in writing and ensure you have proof of delivery (e.g., email with read receipt, registered mail).

The handover procedure usually involves:

• Final Inspection: The landlord or their agent will conduct a final inspection of the property to assess its condition. Be present for this inspection if at all possible, and bring your move-in documentation (photos/videos).
• Rectifying Damages: If there are any damages beyond normal wear and tear, the landlord may request that you fix them or deduct the cost from your security deposit. This is where your move-in photos are invaluable.
• Cleaning: Ensure the apartment is thoroughly cleaned. As mentioned, professional cleaning is often expected.
• Utilities Transfer: Ensure all utility accounts are closed or transferred out of your name. Keep proof of final meter readings.
• Key Return: Return all sets of keys.

A smooth handover is key to a swift return of your deposit. Remember to keep all correspondence regarding your departure. For those looking to coordinate their move internationally, a service like Sirelo can help organize the logistics of packing and shipping your belongings, making the transition out of Hong Kong much less daunting.

Lease Renewal vs. Moving Out

As your two-year lease approaches its end, you'll face a decision: renew or move out.

• Lease Renewal: If you're happy with your current place and the landlord, renewing can be the easiest option. Negotiations usually begin a few months before the lease expiry. The landlord might propose a new rent (often with a slight increase). You can try to negotiate. If you renew, a new tenancy agreement will typically be signed, or an "Addendum" to the existing one, outlining the new terms. Remember to stamp this new agreement or addendum.
• Moving Out: If you decide to move, the process is as outlined above: give proper notice, prepare for handover, and ensure your finances are squared away. Start your new apartment hunt well in advance, especially if you're looking for another long-term rental in Hong Kong, as the market is still incredibly competitive.

Don't leave these decisions until the last minute. Being proactive will save you a lot of stress.

Finalizing Utility Accounts and Forwarding Mail

One often overlooked detail when moving out is the proper closing of your utility accounts and ensuring you don't miss any important mail.

• Utility Accounts: Contact HK Electric/CLP, WSD, and Towngas a few weeks before your move-out date. Provide them with your final meter readings (take photos!) and a forwarding address for your final bill and deposit refund. They will either send a final bill to your new address or process a refund of your deposit directly.
• Internet/TV: Call your broadband and TV providers to cancel your services. They will usually arrange a technician to disconnect the service and collect any equipment (routers, set-top boxes). Ensure you return all rented equipment to avoid penalty charges.

Disclaimer

This article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice. Laws, prices and regulations vary by location and change over time. Consult a qualified professional for guidance on your specific situation.